Hazards in Dhaka City Essay

During the last couple of decades Dhaka city is one of the fastest growing metropolises in the world. The urban development seems to lack in planning and the problem of urbanization are intensified by high population growth and rural urban migration. Again, Bangladesh suffers from natural calamities every now and then and the urbanization of metropolitan Dhaka is also affected by it. The existing utility services are not capable of coping with the increased demand of the urbanization process. Faulty planning, Lack of coordination among various agencies and overall disregard to environment issues affecting Dhaka include floods, which are associated with river water overflow and rain water stagnation, earthquakes and tornadoes. Flood Hazard: Flood is a type of hydro-meteorological phenomenon and it is very hazardous as it can cause devastating losses in property and human lives. Fast and unplanned development aggravates the consequences of flooding by increasing the monetary costs of losses. These kinds of losses are especially high in urban areas which would be possible to ease with proper planning and management of the urban structures. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) based modeling and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques can help by supplying maps and techniques as assistance to make early warning for risk areas. In this case study, different criteria have been analyzed that have potential impact on the amount of devastation, such as the elevation of the areas, flooding depth, building density, terrain slope, soil type, land use types etc. Based on different factors analysis, results are visualized with the help of GIS and RS presentation and dissemination techniques. In addition, the impacts of different factors on flooding itself are also discussed. Finally, a flood prediction map for Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) in Bangladesh was prepared using the Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) method with particular focus on the different criteria that influence the flooding in Dhaka city. Water Logging: Water logging is a very common problem in Dhaka city during the monsoon period as well as all the year round. Even a little rain causes serious  problems in some parts of the city on every occasion and can create water logging situation for several days which in turn causes huge infrastructural damages by reducing the amount of accessible assets and supplies in the city. This situation normally occurs due to unplanned infrastructure development, insufficient or limited drainage systems, blockage of the drainages, lack of consciousness of these problems by the inhabitants, unplanned build-up of areas within the city, filling up the canals, lakes and water bodies in areas which are mainly acquired by housing companies and brick burning industries within the city. The Dhaka city is usually flooded as a result of rainfalls and the high water level of surrounding river systems. For instance, 1998 flooding was the most catastrophic in the flooding history of Bangladesh, where Dhaka city was affected by heavy rainfall and the high water levels of the river system. Unplanned urbanization is increasing water logging. Earthquakes: The city can be severely affected by earthquakes as it has already happened in the past. Intensities of VI, VII, and VIII have already been registered in the city. The national building code of Bangladesh (BNBC 1993) includes three seismic zones, and Dhaka is located on the second one with a zoning coefficient equivalent to the 15% of the gravity (z=0.15g). According to the results of the Earthquake Disaster Risk Index (EDRI) project, major earthquake risk is associated with the high vulnerability of the building stock due to both poor materials and poor construction processes. Tornados: The two transitional periods between southwest and northeast monsoons over the Indian sub-continent are characterized by local severe storms. The transitional periods are usually referred to as pre-monsoon (March-May), and post-monsoon (October- November). It is the pre-monsoon period when most of the abnormal rainfall or drought conditions frequently occur in different parts of Bangladesh. Also there are severe local seasonal storms, popularly known as nor?westers (kalbaishakhi). Severe nor?westers are generally  associated with tornadoes. Tornadoes are embedded within a mother thundercloud, and moves along the direction of the squall of the mother storm. The frequency of devastating nor?westers usually reaches the maximum in April, while a few occur in May, and the minimum in March. Nor?westers and tornadoes are more frequent in the afternoon. Table 3 shows some of the devastating nor?westers and tornadoes that hit Bangladesh. Nor?westers may occur in late February due to early withdrawal of winter from Bangladesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, and adjoining areas. The occasional occurrence of nor?westers in early June is due to the delay in the onset of the southwest monsoon over the region (Karmakar, 1989). Table: Some of the devastating westers and tornadoes

Pre History Era

In history, we have an era called Pre-history, which is history before humanity left written records. During this period, archeologist named these early periods of human culture from the materials used at the time. They called this the Old Stone (Paleolithic) age. This was around 3000 B.C. were people used chipped stone tools. Also the development of farming and the use of stone implements marked the beginning of the New Stone age (Neolithic). About 3000 B.C., the invention of bronze led to the Bronze Age. Here, new forms of human life and society were found. All this information was retained thanks to historians. Historians rely on written sources to put history in order. Recent development in science called Carbon-14 helps straighten out chronology. This technique, whereby radioactive carbon is used, helps to date ancient objects within a couple of centuries. In the Old Stone Age, Paleolithic people left remains scattered in Europe and Asia. They took refuge in Africa from the glaciers that moved south over to northern continents. These people hunted to eat, and fought and killed their enemies. They cooked their food, specialize tools, and sheltered in caves from the cold. They also created art. At Lascaux France, Paleolithic artists left remarkable paintings in limestone caves, using vibrant colors depicting deer, bison and horses. A variety of finds concerning the development of the calendar showed markings whose sequence and intervals may have recorded lunar periods. The advance from the Old Stone Age to the New Stone Age was marked by certain major changes found in the Near East. The domestication of animals for food was discovered. Parallel with this was the domestication of plants for food-a kind of wheat and barley. Temporary shelter was replaced by houses. The baking of clay vessels were also discovered. In Catal Huyuk in Southern Turkey, people grew their own grain, kept sheep and wove the wool into textiles. Variety of pottery and sculptures were found. In ancient Mesopotamia, farmers were using plows to scratch soil and they were also keeping business accounts of their temple in picture writings. Writing, metallurgy, and urban life are among the early marks of civilization. Recent discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the inventors of writing were the Subarians who might have been conquered by the Sumarians. They apparently turned the Subarians into slaves. Sumarians began to use capital. Archeologists found clay tablets that were inscribed. The language on them was Akkadian. Others were unknown. But, because they made references to the king of Summer and Akkad, a scholar suggested that the language be called Sumerian. The Summerians developed a phonetic alphabet between 3000-2000 B.C. They impressed little wedge-shaped marks into a wet clay tablet with a reed pen. This was a script called cuneiform-from the latin â€Å"cuneus†, meaning â€Å"wedge†. Most of these tablets contained economic or administration records. The Summerians were a major group of people in history. The earliest of the kind governed themselves through a council of elders. This group derived their authority from a general assembly of adult free males. This assembly who sometimes granted a supreme authority to one leader at a time, decided on matters of war and peace. This arrangement did not last long! It was replaced by a one-man rule in each city. The human ruler acted as a representative of the god of the city. Torrential floods swept down the river valleys. The lives, religion and literature of the people of Mesopotamia were pervaded by terror of these floods. The Summerians devised a system of canals to control these forceful floods. Around 2300, Sargon, king of Akkad, conquered the Sumerian ruler of Urok. Sagon then called himself king of Summer and Akkad. This indicates the fusion of the Summerians and the Akkadians. By 2100, when the Bronze Age ended, Sargon lost his power. Gudea, ruler of the city of Lagash, united the Summerians. Ur replaced Lagash as the capital city after Gudea died. Its rulers again called themselves king of Summer and Akkad. Much of what is known about the Summerians come from Ur. Ur was prosperous. It had far-flung trade by sea in textiles and metals. Ur had recorded a systematic tax system and a revival of learning. Within time, a decline set in because Ur took over too many responsibilities. Sumer was a hydrolic society. This meant that it was based on a centralized control of irrigation and flood management by government. Within time, these city-states fragmented. Elamites from the east destroyed it. This destructed Ur and Summerian power ended. Life became very diversified with blacksmiths, carpenters, and merchants who appeared alongside the hunters, farmers and shepherds of the older days. The women held high- position during these days. The Summerians looked up to their city gods. They also worshiped numerous other gods such as god of heaven, god of earth, and god between heaven and earth. Others included god of moon and goddess of the morning star. Enki was god of earth and of wisdom who apparently poured water into the 2 fertilizing rivers, Tigris and Euphrates, He supposedly filled the land with cattle, built houses and canals, and set sub gods over the enterprise. Along with these beliefs, Summerians used various arts to fortell the future and interpreted dreams. Summerian art and literature and architecture were largely religious in style. Their epic poetry included Gilgamesh, a mighty hero two-thirds divine and one-third human. The Summerians built their temples of baked brick. The typical Mesopotmia temple was the ziggurat. The successors of the Summerians as rulers of Mesopotamia were the Babylonians and their successors, the Assyrians. They both originally descended from the nomands of the Arabian desert. Power passed to them with Sargon the Great in 2300B.C. and retuned to them later after the Amorites (people from the west) invaded them in 2000B.C. The Amorite Prince named Hammurabi, made his Babyonian kingdom supreme in Mesopotamia by warfare and diplomacy. Hammurabi had a code of law that applied to the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea. These were inscribed on a pillar eight feet tall beneath a sculpture of the king in front of the sun god. The code was a leagal statement about stern justice. In its vocabulary,the code refects the continuing Sumerian impact on the Akkadian-speaking Babylonians.

Midterm Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Midterm - Term Paper Example However, as time went by, the rifles become widely recognized, and now citizens all through the United States can own one just by filling out a permit form. This has seen the crime level all over the United States increase more than any other nation out there (Alpers, 2012). This paper will draft a law to the House of Representatives in an effort to restrict the American law regarding the possession of these assault type rifles. Policy Prohibition against Importing Importing assault type rifles should strictly be a governmental task or if a permitted party wants to import an assault type rifle into the United States, it should be done with the knowledge of the government. Any coming in rifle, whether through the boarder, port or airport terminal, should be checked to clarify whether the government has allowed the importation of the firearm (Strassel, 2013). Also, in order to ease the importation of these firearms, it essential that the government imposes extremely huge taxes on the p eople importing the assault type rifles. People import these weapons from other nations because of the cheap cost of assembling them abroad, as well as the affordable taxes imposed on them during importation (Jones, 2013). Ownership Specified parties should also be the only groups allowed to possess assault type rifles. It is essential for people to note that guns are meant to kill people (Simmons, 2002). Therefore, ownership of assault type rifles should strictly be left to bodies, which seek to protect the citizens of American such as the police force (Strassel, 2013). Regular citizens who want to possess assault type rifles should have extremely strong reasons as to why they want to possess the weapons. For instance, if they notice an impending danger, they should be allowed to possess an assault type rifle only for a short while till the danger capsizes. Transportation Transposition of assault type rifles should be done with strict consent of the government. If it is possible, a law officer should be present whenever there is mass transportation of these assault type rifles (Jones, 2013). Also, in order to avoid any tension or theft during the transportation of the rifles, it is essential to transport the weapons through vehicles that are not recognized by ordinary citizens. Some might attempt to steal them during the transportation. Huge taxes should also be imposed on the transportation of these assault type rifles, and the transportation should be done during the day. The destination of the weapons should be known by the government before the transportation is done (Jones, 2013). Use of Assault Type Rifles Capable Of Firing in Semi-Automatic or Automatic Modes Use of assault type rifles capable of firing in semi-automatic or automatic modes should be permitted to people who have undergone certified training on how to fire a weapon (Malcolm, 2012). This is to avoid any stray shots in case a situation arises where a person with a permit is forced to use t he assault rifle in public. An assault type rifle, which is capable of firing semi-automatic or automatic modes, should also be made more expensive than normal assault rifles that fire only a single shot. In this way, people will shy away from purchasing this rifle and settle on the less ordinary assault type rifle. Only wealthy people can afford the above extremely expensive assault rifle that can easily be tracked by the government (Malcolm, 2012). Rationale or Purpose It is positively true that

Strategic Information Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Information Management - Essay Example Moreover, a continual research and development by researchers has enabled business organizations to customize their business strategies. Similarly, research and development in the digital marketing sector has enabled financial institutions to deploy fully automated online banking systems that are capable of providing online banking experience to their customers. However, security breaches have also resulted in massive losses for these systems. Studies has shown that organizations have to learn customer preferences along with aligning their marketing strategies with allocated budgets, procedures, skill set and significances (Edelman 2010). As mentioned earlier, these digital channels are now business models that are customized in a way to generate online sales and revenue for the organization. Likewise, by incorporating other small applications such as Short Message Service (SMS), Really Simple Syndication’ (RSS) feed, advertisements on the cell phone are all part of the busine ss model. Furthermore, for enhancing the customer online experience specific to online banking, clarity of text, quality of information, ease of use, privacy policies and reputation of the bank is considered. In order to gain competitive advantage and customer loyalty, Push digital marketing’ strategies are incorporated to gain user attention to spent more time on the website and browse details of associated online banking products and services. Performance Analysis The Lloyds banking group stated its net profit in 2010 was about 2.2bn (Flinders 2011). This profit returned is reported via bank’s cost reduction policy along with the IT strategies incorporation with the Halifax bank of Scotland (HBOS). (Flinders 2011) Moreover, while comparing the loss in 2009 that is around 6.3bn 2010’s profit is remarkable with the support of the above mentioned strategies. In September 2009, Halifax bank of Scotland (HBOS) obtained 12.2bn through government encouragement from t he Lloyds TSB. For this reason, mark fisher who is working in the integration of parts of Dutch bank ABM AMRO was selected as a director of IT operations by the Lloyds TSB bank. According to the Lloyds banking group, the progress is being observed shortly after the merger of HBOS and Lloyds TSB banking systems (Flinders 2011). The Lloyds banking group states that â€Å"We achieved savings across a wide range of Group activities, including implementing improved processes which are now being used on a harmonized basis across the Group, and driving savings in property and procurement." (Flinders 2011) Furthermore, the Lloyds banking group affirms that around 1.4bn was estimated to be saved by reducing replication. The implementation of new systems that will help in better integration initiates in 2011 as said by the bank â€Å""As part of the integration, we have also commence the implementation of a number of major systems changes, which will complete in 2011." (Flinders 2011) In 20 10, the HBOS spend approximately around 2.7bn on IT integration systems. In comparison with the previous year the IT expenses were reduced by 4% that includes staff cuts, thousands of IT and back office jobs (Flinders 2011). Unfortunately, 26,000 total reductions were detected ever since the possession of HBOS. Therefore, in 2009 the unions unite blamed the

Leading through effective communication Term Paper

Leading through effective communication - Term Paper Example Although indecisive and less manipulative, this personality style makes for good leaders. Strong communication and an accommodating nature is what accounts for the strengths of these leaders. Communication styles and methods in effective leadership The importance of effective communication is especially felt while leading a group. The need for purposeful transfer of meaning to influence a person or a group of persons account is especially crucial for effective leadership. In other words it can be said that communication acts as a tool which is used by the leaders and it is the degree of successful use of this tool which determines how effective would be the leadership. Communication in leadership comprises of the entire range of resources and communication skills for creating and delivering messages across the two parties, overcoming interferences, directing, motivating and inspiring others for actions. As commented by Axelrod (2006), effective leadership is largely a matter of effec tive communication (Barrett, 2006, p.5). According to the views of Mayfield and Mayfield (2004), effective leaderships employ such communication process which motivates employees to accomplish their tasks. It is the communication style of leadership which helps to gain commitment towards the organizational purpose and mission (Jolley, 2010, p.25). According to Bass (1990), the participative style of leadership was associated with a high degree of honest, open, informal and two way communication. This particular style of communication is especially effective in resolving conflicts providing a common platform for the two parties to present their grievances against each other and generating a... The study reveals that communication is a predominant requirement in effective leadership. However, communication styles are different for different people depending on their personalities they display and the characteristics that they demonstrate. It is also apparent that leadership styles are shaped by the personalities that individuals possess and thus consequently the communication style that they use. However, according to the views of researchers and authors, irrespective of the leadership styles that an individual demonstrate the need for effective communication is an absolutely essential for effective leadership. Moreover, with globalization and organizational structures becoming highly complex and attracting talents from all over the world, organizations are working with people belonging to diverse cultural backgrounds. Thus the levels of differences and conflicts have also gone up. Thus leaders demonstrating the power to resolve conflicts, and overcome communication and cul tural barrier and high negotiating skills are found to be most successful in leading followers. Thus among all the leadership styles the participative style is recommended in today’s organizations. This demonstrates an open and honest form of communication style which allows both parties to confront and communicate with each other. It emphasises greatly on resolving organizational conflicts by providing a common platform for all to present their grievances and problems and consequently arriving at a suitable solution.

Poetry & Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poetry & Response - Essay Example The third part is the animated segments which is the illustration of the poem itself. I appreciated how the movie was structured. At first I thought that it was just a simple biography of Ginsberg but after watching the movie, I realized it was not a biopic but it actually focused on the poem â€Å"Howl†. I find the film entertaining with its crossing of different time periods and animation techniques. I think the animation is quite traditional but very imaginative. I am impressed with the contrast presented by the monochrome flashbacks as against the colorful courtroom scenes. I admired the interesting courtroom scenes especially since I learned that the dialogue used was derived from the actual courtroom transcripts. That is important to me because I know that the movie was faithful to facts. However, I think that the courtroom scenes would have been more meaningful if Ginsberg was present Bravo to James Franco’s portrayal of the young Ginsberg which fits him to a â€Å"T†. I consider his performance as outstanding and convincing. I appreciate Franco’s intonation and inflection since it was an accurate depiction of Ginsberg’s way of speaking. Kudos too to Jon Hamm and David Strathairn who played their roles perfectly as warring lawyers. In conclusion, I think that â€Å"Howl† was effective in bringing a radical literary piece to the movies and making it come alive. The performance of the actors contributed much to the boldness and worthiness of this film. The movie’s value is in its innovativeness in interspersing the courtroom drama with the elaborate animation and the rendition of the key moments of Ginsberg’s youth. I would gladly watch this movie again and recommend it to my

Immigration Reform and Workers Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigration Reform and Workers Rights - Essay Example Coupled with the ease of access, it has to be mentioned that the evolution of global connectivity has transformed the Earth into a large and single entity. This helps in a great way in the faster spreading of various kinds of globalized trends. With the emergence of markets in the developed as well as developing economies, the opportunities related to personal growth, development and chances of wealth maximization has become highly skewed to various cities around the world, which has become the hotbed of business activity. As a result, it has become a normal trend for the masses located in various regions around the world with low economic prospects to migrate to regions, cities or even nations which promotes a better opportunity for earning a decent living and a satisfactory lifestyle. II. Problems Talking in regards to the shift of population that is happening to the more developed regions all over the world, it can be said that there are significant challenges that are emerging in various cities in regards to managing the public system as well as overpopulation. Talking on this note, it can be said that the United States, which is a hotbed of economic growth and development is facing a tremendous problem in the recent times in regards to the issues of migration of masses from neighboring countries and regions. Discussing the matter in a more crisp manner, it can be said that the United States is facing a significant problem on the lines of Immigration Reform Issue. The Immigration Issue of US has widespread effects on the businesses, government as well as individuals living in the American society. A. The emergence of the problem: It can be said that the present crisis in regards to immigration problems in the US, has a significant association with the nation’s political past. Immigration reform was a major issue in the year 200 as the US economy was growing and the unemployment rate was low. The push coming from Immigration supporting group along wit h the existence of loopholes in the immigration law resulted in the process of emergence of a temporary solution. With the change of economic scenario of the nation in the recent times, the temporary solution has snowballed into a major crisis [1]. B. Problem Associated with Immigration Reform: It has to be said that there are critical problems that are associated with the root of immigration reforms. It has to be said that large majority of the immigrant population are illegal and poor immigrants with scanty education. If the reform is being passed on the favor of providing nationality, serious issues might be faced by the nation because of the inability of the migrant population to commute in English, as well as their ability to pay taxes [2]. C. Abuse by employers: Given the demographic background of the migrating population, it has to be said that the American employers provide random visa programs to generate their own benefits. This results in abuse of the migrant working popu lation which further triggers the need for an immigration reform [3]. III. Proposed Solution It has to be said that a solution to the immigration problem is very necessary. However, while designing the solution, the issues of visa abuse as well as the problems of migration reforms need to be addressed properly so as to prevent further bouncing of the same issues in the near future.  

Succession Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Succession Planning - Essay Example In simple terms, succession planning is an organisational process of pinpointing or selecting certain competent people as successors for key executive appointments like CEO, CMD etc. after expiry of terms of their current occupants and proactively planning their career moves in that direction. This process is straightforward in a family business where the heirs are obvious and well known. However, in other organisations, succession planning is required to be logical and well thought out management process in short and long terms requiring considerable effort towards grooming an individual for an extended period to take on the top job. This is the only tool we have today which sanctions the organisation to plan well-tailored and proactive career moves for their most talented pool of future managers. (Hirsh, 2000) However, if such succession planning is put off or ignored by the top management, the consequences can be catastrophic. This is especially so if the existing talent pool lacks competencies to take on challenges of a modern business world and there is no suitable candidate available from outside the organisation to take on the top job. Consequently, opinions vary considerably on whether succession plans should involve selection of existing talents within the organisation as discussed by Groves, Biggs (2004), Blackler & Kennedy (2004) and Cogner and Fulmer (2003) or top jobs should be handled by tapping talents from the outside market. While selecting employees from within the organisation has its own benefits like better motivation, higher integrity, reinforcement of management's faith in employers, good in-depth knowledge of strengths and weaknesses of the organisation and support from within due to familiar face at the top, but it is true that sometimes familiarity breeds contempt. In addition, there is possibility of previous conflicts with some good performers complicating or inflating into serious differences of opinions or rivalries. Nevertheless, it can be safely stated that succession planning is an important course of action at senior levels failing which an organisation can face tremendous difficulties i n the event of a sudden requirement to replace top executive. Further, once the successor is selected, the most important phase of his career planning or grooming for handling things at the highest level begins. Most family owned businesses lack in this professionally oriented grooming and training due to inherent complacencies of an assured future, which sometimes leads to complications due to personal rather than a proficient outlook. In extreme cases, this has even resulted in splitting up of large businesses into smaller units due to family feuds, sibling rivalries, and mutual disagreements over leadership and ownership aspects. In honest opinion of this author, such unpleasant dissections and associated negative publicities could have been avoided simply through proper succession grooming. Sadly, the lessons are never learnt and succession training to develop right competencies has never been given due importance. One aspect inhibiting proactive approach may be due to perceived and misplaced feeling of indispensability among the top management. The succession planning overcomes this very indispensability of an individual. Everyone becomes dispensable then. These conflicting perceptions can also lead to

IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM LAW - Essay Example The ECHR decided in the case of Soering v. United Kingdom, 161 Eur. Ct. H.R. (1989) that this provision meant that individuals cannot be extradited if they are threatened with torture or inhuman or degrading treatment in the requesting country. In this case, Jens Soring fought extradition from Europe to the United States because he would face capital charges in the United States, and Article 3 of the ECHR forbids extradition for this reason. While the European Court of Human Rights decided that transferring a person who would face the death penalty would not violate the Article 3 of the ECHR, if a prisoner or a person would be transferred to a country where he or she faced torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, then this would violate Article 3 of the ECHR (Collyer, 2005). Lilich (1991) states that this judgment was significant because extraditing states must consider the ill-treatment of other states when considering whether to send an individual to that third stat e. The ill-treatment may be beyond the control of the state, and the state may give no assurances that the person would not be subjected to ill-treatment. This decision, according to Lilich (1991) also obligates signatory states to not extradite to other states that would subject the person to ill treatment, and even non-signatory states would not be able to do so. Directly after this case was decided, the ECHR decided several other cases. One such case was Cruz Varas et al. v. Sweden, 46/1990/237/307. In this case, Hector Cruz fled from Chile to Sweden to seek asylum, which was rejected. The court there stated that Mr. Cruz’ extradition did not violate Article 3, in part because the situation in Chile was improving. Another case was Vilvarajah et al. v. United Kingdom, 46/1990/237/307 ,  Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights,  20 March 1991. In this case the petitioner was attempting to ensure that he did not have to return to Sri Lanka. The court in that cas e found that there was only a possibility of ill treatment, therefore there was not a breach of Article 3. In Vivayanathan & Pusparajah v. France, 75/1991/327/399-400 ,  Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights,  26 June 1992, the court decided that there was not yet an expulsion order for the petitioners, who were trying to fight being expelled from France into Sri Lanka. Therefore, they could not decide upon the erits of the case. Tomasi v. France (Series A, No. 241-A, Application No. 12580/87), European Court of Human Rights (1993), found for the applicant, who was abused in custody. Allweldt (1993), states that the prohibition on expulsion of individuals to countries hinges on whether or not there is a real risk that the person would be subject to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment. Allweldt (1993) states that the risk that the person faces does not have to be a high probability, just that it exists. There also must be a substantial grounds for the belief tha t the person would be subjected to torture or inhuman treatment in the receiving country. Addo & Grief (1998), states that Article 3 is brief because it sets out normative standards, and that each country is free to adopt these normative standard

My Writing Improvements, Challenges, and Goals Essay - 1

My Writing Improvements, Challenges, and Goals - Essay Example I avoid repetition and redundancy. I avoid using high faluting words, but rather I use words that are simple and can easily be understood. I face several challenges in my writing. A challenge that I have to deal with is my failure to follow a specific format. I am quite confused with the APA, MLA and Harvard style. A specific problem which I encounter with regards to the different styles is the format of the in-text citations and the references. I also think that I should expand my vocabulary so as not to repeat words in a single article that I write. Another shortcoming that I have to tackle is my need to be more concise in my writing style and refrain from being overly wordy in my prose. I still find summarizing an article a challenge. I realize that I just end up copying most of the sentences in the piece that I have to summarize instead of paraphrasing them. I intend to improve my writing skills because I know that it is essential in communicating my thoughts, ideas and feelings. If I want to excel in my academic and professional life, I should try to enhance my writing prowess. I plan to read more prose and poetry, not to copy their style but to widen my knowledge on the various styles of writing. Doing so will also expand my vocabulary. Re-reading and editing my work more than twice will surely help me not to commit grammatical and spelling errors. Moreover, if I re-read my work, the sentence constructions will also be checked. I am determined to perfect my work by requesting other people to read it and asking their opinions on how I can further improve on it. One important step that I can do to improve my writing is to determine who will be the readers of my work. The profile of my readers will help me choose my paper’s tone, the words I will use and the ideas I am going to present. Furthermore, before I even start to write, I have to identify the idea I want to convey to my readers. Having a thesis statement will keep me focused on

Animal rights Essay Example for Free

Animal rights Essay Utilitarianism is concerned with happiness, and utilitarians accept the idea that value is universal so utilitarians believe that the intrinsic value of happiness it is unaffected by the identity of the being in which it is felt. Thus each counts for one, and none for more than one and my own interests cannot count for more, simply because they are my own, than the interests of others. Utilitarians support equality by the equal consideration of interests they reject any arbitrary distinctions as to who is worthy of concern and who isnt. This means that we reject egoism, racism, sexism, speciesism, and other forms of unfair discrimination. It does not mean that we deny that there are differences between individuals or between groups of individuals (some individuals are cleverer, taller, stronger, more emotional etc than others), just that there is no logically compelling reason for assuming that a difference in ability justifies any difference in the consideration we give to their interests. Utilitarians believe that while happiness, pleasure, joy, satisfaction, ecstasy and so-on are not synonyms, they do all represent positively intrinsically valuable feelings; and that the value they represent is of a similar kind, and so is convertible or equivalent (in some proportion). Pain, suffering, unhappiness, agony etc are all regarded similarly that the disvalue they represent is convertible, not only with that of the other negative feelings, but with the positive feelings too. This means, for example, that a utilitarian might believe that it is worthwhile to endure a certain amount of suffering now, if it ensures a greater amount of happiness later. In classical utilitarianism, happiness is regarded as positively valuable, and unhappiness (pain, suffering etc) is regarded is negatively valuable. Negative utilitarianism denies the positive aspect it denies that happiness is intrinsically valuable. By negative utilitarianism, the only goal (the only thing which is seen as good) is the reduction of suffering. Regular utilitarians and negative utilitarians agree on some issues, and disagree on others. A standard disagreement is illustrated by the fact that a negative utilitarian would believe that, if it were possible to exterminate all life in the universe instantly and painlessly and permanently, it would be correct and ethically required that we do so (in order to prevent any future suffering). A classical utilitarian might decide either way, depending on their estimation of the relative amounts of future suffering and happiness.

Paper on the Impact of Workplace Diversity in Team Dynamics Essay Example for Free

Paper on the Impact of Workplace Diversity in Team Dynamics Essay Every individual who is in the job force or in a school environment faces the inevitable fact that at some point they may have to work in a group or team composed of individuals that they may not like. This paper will try to shed some light on the subtle differences between a workgroup and a team and how it relates the team dynamics in the workplace. According to The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology (2000), â€Å"A group is a social system involving regular interaction among members and a common group identity† (para. , this means that a group is composed of individuals who would maintain a constant communication with each other to create and share a common identity. The existence of the group identity is mostly only recognized by the group members of the particular group and not by the outsiders. The togetherness or the cohesion of the group tends to vary from one group to the next because it is not always clear if a group has enough communication or interaction to qualify as a group. To explain this further, The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology (2000) explains that groups should not be seen a one distinct category, but instead a group should be perceived as a social system that has varying interactions that could range form the intense involvement and intense identity mostly associated in social structures like families and close friends. On the other hand, people who ride and see each other on a daily while riding a bus could not be considered as a group because there is no sense of involvement among the individuals. In addition, The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology (2000) also states the groups tends to vary on the amount of interactions that the individuals have among the group, the longevity or life span of the group, and the reasons of the individuals in joining or participating in the group. According to Bales (1950), a group is a very important sociological concept because it has a complex and very important part in the development of an individuals’ social life. Bales (1950), mentions that â€Å"a group is a key agent of social control over individuals, for it is the group that social pressures toward conformity can be most directly applies, especially when those who deviate risk their membership as a result. † A group can be perceived as a controlling agent in the way individual conform to society and how he or she reacts to certain stimuli because if he or she deviates form the groups norms, he of she risks losing their membership with that particular group. Furthermore, according to Bales (1950), groups are important because of the impact of the social consequences the individuals learn in a group. Many individuals learn the benefits and consequences of their actions and decisions that they make in life in a group and that most of the social activities that an individual may take occurs within the membership in a group. Other the other hand, the definition of a team is somewhat different from the definitions given to a group. According the Weiss (1998), a team would consist of a few individuals who possess complimentary skills and are equally commits to a common goal, a purpose, and share a common working method in which they hold themselves mutually accountable for their actions. Sears (1998), states that teams must have a set of necessary elements to be defined as such. The elements to be considered as a team includes: there should be no more that 20 individuals in a team; individuals must possess adequate levels of complementary skills; individuals must possess a common team purpose; possess specific goal or goals; and possess a clear approach in the team working progress. Sears (1998) goes on to mention that teams tend to be risky, disruptive, and elusive. Sears (1998) states that even though after the members are chosen and the schedules and duties are set, very little constructive work comes out of it and eventually nothing is accomplished and work progress fails to emerge. Sears (1998) mentions that teams are disruptive because most organizations prefer individual accountability over team accountability especially in regard to performance and the reward structures of the organization. Sears (1998), states that most of the components needed to accomplish a task is mostly performed by an individual and that very little teamwork is needed to accomplish most of the work. Sears (1998) also identifies teams as elusive because teams are spontaneous. Sears (1998), states the teams do not just immediately become a team just because it is called a team, it needs so much work, nurturing, and team building exercises and sometimes that does not even work to make the members of the teamwork cohesively. On the other hand, Weiss (1998) gives insight into why teams are relatively popular. First, projects that are assigned to teams are more likely to be accomplished than those assigned to a specific individual. Second, teams make practical and reasonable decisions as long as the team is given specific and measurable goals to measure the team performance, and the teams are given meaningful and timely feedback. Third, the rewards and punishment are more effective in swaying ndividual performance when it is given by a workgroup rather by a single supervisor or manager. Fourth, working in a team is preferred by many individual employees, especially by those who hate being bossed around. Fifth, teams can effectively handle inventory, scheduling, quality assurance and other duties that are typically reserved for members of the upper management. Last, teams often lower the cost of management because of the lower ratio of supervisors to employees which is 1 to 50 employees. According to Cornell University (2010), Workplace diversity is a people issue, focused on the differences and similarities that people bring to an organization. It is usually defined broadly to include dimensions beyond those specified legally in equal opportunity and affirmative action non-discrimination statutes. Diversity is often interpreted to include dimensions which influence the identities and perspectives that people bring, such as profession, education, parental status and geographic location† (Workplace Diversity, para). Workplace diversity could bring many benefits to an organization when it is nurtured and given the time to be understood. The organization’s competitiveness and ultimate success relies on its ability to realize the multitude of benefits that workplace diversity brings. According to Greenberg (2005), â€Å"when organization actively assess their handling of workplace diversity issues, develop and implement diversity plans, multiple benefits are reported such as increased adaptability† (Diversity in the Workplace, para). Greenberg (2005) continues to state that organizations that employ a very diverse workforce will be able to provide different solutions to problems that arise in service, in sourcing, and allocation of the resources faced by the company. This states that in employing individuals from different backgrounds, an organization could utilize the different talents, abilities, and experiences that these individuals may have to come up with a possible solution to a problem. Furthermore, Greenberg (2005) also states that if an organization that acquires a workplace that has collection of a very diverse skills and experiences (such a different languages, national and cultural customs), an organization could potentially provide a better service to customers in a global scale. It could also provide better communication in relaying varying viewpoints and ideas to meet the organizations business strategy and more importantly, the needs of the customers. Workplace diversity also provides benefits to team dynamics. The Ehow. om (1999-2010) websites states workplace diversity brings vibrancy to the workplace that increases the camaraderie and the humanitarian spirit in each employee. In addition, according to Ehow. com (1999-2010), â€Å"teams working on complex and expansive projects can draw on the varied experiences of fellow workers from diverse backgrounds, learn new languages, understand new markets and execute tasks efficiently† (para). Last, the Ehow. com (1999-2010) website also mentions that in achieving increased diversity comes an equal increase in perspective. Many individuals in an organization comes from different cultural groups, practice different religions, have different racial and national backgrounds that may give an insight into how to solve a particular problem that could potentially attract potential customers with that same background. Many advantages, disadvantages, and differences between a group and a team exist. One might think that the words group and team could be used in exchange for the other, but they cannot because of the words’ ultimate definition. The word group is defined by scholars as a social group that involves a regular interaction between its members who has a common group identity. On the other hand, the word team is defined as a group of people who possesses complimentary skills committed to a single purpose and a common goal. This paper also introduced the benefits that could be achieved by an organization that promotes workplace diversity. These benefits include the increases adaptability, wider range of service, and variety of viewpoints, better execution, higher production, and better return on investment.

Differences Between Male and Female Gang Members

Differences Between Male and Female Gang Members Eric Diehlmann   Gangs are not a new phenomenon in American society. As early as the late 1700 gangs emerged on the East Coast because of immigration and poverty (Howell Moore 2010). These early gangs helped people to feed their families and build a sense of belonging in a new country. Nowadays not much has changed individuals still join gangs to make money and feel like they belong. These gangs have kept crime alive in the cities where they exist and make it hard for law enforcement to keep crime rates low. In this paper, we will delve into the history of gangs, the activities of the gangs, and the differences between male and female gang members when it comes to membership and the victimization they experience in a gang. In the late 18th century the United States was established as an independent country and cities in the first states were experiencing the beginnings of gangs. These gangs were not seasoned criminals but youth fighting over local territory. In the 1820s organized gangs started to emerge after large scale immigration to the United States and the subsequent poverty and overcrowding that followed. Most of these gangs were initially white (Irish, Italian, German, etc.) but as Latinos and Blacks started to move to the cities in the 1950s the gangs became more racially diverse. The second period of gang growth also saw in increase in Poles, Italians and Jews in the cities which strengthened the gangs of the corresponding ethnicities. By the 1950s youth gangs have disappeared and a migration of Blacks and Latinos came into the city which sparked interracial tensions. White gangs violently resisted racial integration which led Black and Latino gangs to form as protection groups. Some modern-d ay gangs have their roots in penitentiaries where they were formed for protection from other inmates. In the Midwest gangs began similarly to the east where most gangs were white. Most notably Chicago which saw racial tensions between the white, black, and Latino gangs in the 1950s. Due to these tensions the proliferation of Latino and Black gangs occurred (Diamond 2005). As for gangs in the West the first were Latino due to the high Mexican population there. Like the East the first gangs were formed by groups of boys. As time passed these groups of boys became seasoned criminals recruiting others to join for protection and family. The cultural and physical marginalization of the Latino population helped to strengthen the developing gangs in the West where the Latino population was the majority (Howell Moore 2010). The difference between Latino gangs in the west compared to the Latino gangs in the East is that is gangs in the East arose from social disorganization stemming from the influx of immigrants coming through Ellis Island, whereas in the West the gangs arose from ethnic history and an alienation of the Latino culture. The major gangs that we take into consideration are MS 13, Trinitarios, The Aryan Brotherhood, The Bloods, and the Crips. MS-13 is a Latin street gang that has its origins in the poor neighborhoods of Los Angeles in the 1980s and in El Salvador. They span from Central America through Mexico and the United States all the way up to Canada. Their strongest presence is in Washington DC, California, and New York (Adams Pizarro). They originated in Southern California to protect each other from the violence caused by the Mexican Mafia. After time, they formed an alliance with the Mexican Mafia in 1993 which made them an official Southern California gang. To join the gang you have to be of Latin decent and go through an initiation process which involves a thirteen second beating from three older members or if you are female you have the option to be sexed in by having sex with thirteen members of the gang. Each prospective member is also required to do a trial period where they participate in gang activities. MS-13 is most notably known for their weapon of choice a machete, a number of violent acts committed by the gang are done with a machete. MS-13 is split up into cliques that vary in their own structure with larger cliques having a more military style hierarchy and smaller ones having designated leaders called shot callers. All gang members are required to follow the thirteen rules of conduct which include always obeying a superior member order to not saying mierda due the fact that thats what the rival gang the Eighteenth Street Gang calls them. In addition to the thirteen rules they must bring in profit, prove their toughness, and kill on command. Another famous Latin gang are the Trinitarios they were formed in 1989 by inmates in the Rikers Island Correction Facility and was composed of mostly Dominican inmates who sought protection. When the members were released they set up shop in the Washington Heights area of New York City and they are considered one of the fastest growing gangs on the Northeast. The requirements to be in the Trinitarios are that you must be of Dominican decent or affiliation as well as killing somebody or getting stabbed. The leaders from each regional chapter meet up once a year and other than that they all operate independently there are two main leaders but their identities are unknown. They have no alliances with other Latin gangs declare themselves rivals of those gangs. The Aryan Brotherhood is a prison gang that operates both in and out of prison. The gang formed in 1964 in San Quentin prison as a response to newly desegregated prisons, the founders were Irish bikers who sought protection in prison. The requirement to join the Brotherhood is that they must kill another person in a eye drawing fashion or kill a person of another race. Although they dont have as many members compared to other prison gangs the Aryan Brotherhood makes up for it in pure violence and disregard for authority. For example, a member of the Aryan Brotherhood killing a shot caller of a rival gang in the middle of a crowded prison yard with no concern of the repercussions. The Aryan Brotherhood have certain core values like white supremacy and adorn themselves in Nazi symbols like the swastika and SS patches or tattoos, this gang is also known to work with other gangs of varyi ng races which goes to show that making money comes before their racism. The Bloods arose in the early 1970s in response to the Crips gang becoming a powerful gang terrorizing neighborhoods in Los Angeles. There were other African American that arose in response to the Crips and over time these red gangs banded together to form the Bloods. Later on in the 1970s the Bloods and Crips began to divide up into neighborhoods in the Los Angeles area fervently protecting their territory. As time passed and their membership grew the Bloods are spread throughout the country both in states and their respective prison population. The requirements to be in the Bloods are that you must be African American, as well as survive a beat in by elder members of the gang and commit a crime or murder a member of a rival gang. The Crips arose in the late 1960s on high school campuses throughout to Los Angeles area. These groups were later organized into subsets that had their own leaders and hierarchies. T he initiation process for being a Crip is essentially the same for being a Blood, you must get beat in and kill a rival gang member or commit another crime. Now that we have a good background on the history of gangs and the different groups we will go over the types of crimes these gangs commit. The crimes of these gangs are all similar in a sense they are known for drug trafficking, murder, and human trafficking. If we look deeper we can see what makes each gangs crimes unique to them. To start off the MS-13 more specifically deals in drug distribution, murder, rape, prostitution, robbery, home invasions, immigration offenses, kidnapping, carjacking, and vandalism. All the following crimes are usually carried out as violently as possible where violence is necessary. A crime that sets them apart from the other gangs are immigration offenses, since MS-13 is a gang that requires El Salvadorian heritage many of the members go through Mexico to the U.S. where other gang members can get them into the U.S. illegally. The Trinitarios commit similar crimes to MS-13 except for immigration offenses. Since this is originally a prison gang a decent amount of the offenses may happen in penitentiaries. The Aryan Brotherhood commits crimes like the MS-13 and Trinitarios with the exception of racketeering, arms trafficking, inmate prostitution and some dog fighting. They are known specifically for distributing crystal methamphetamine. For the most part crimes happen in the prison system although they also have members that are not incarcerated that commit crimes and smuggle in money into the prison to give to other members. The Brotherhood also make themselves available as hitmen for hire for the right price. The Brotherhood mostly focuses on seriously organized crime activities which sets them apart from most gangs where the thing that they are about most is territory and not making money. The Bloods and Crips Gang activities are like the MS-13 and Trinitarios. Both gangs made large amounts of money during the crack-cocaine epidemic in Los Angeles and routinely rob and murder innocent people or rival gang members. When most people think of a gang member they often think of male members but there are many female gang members as well. Although they only account for usually 11% of gang member ship according to a study conducted by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Since females in gangs are a small minority of the total gang membership we will look at what gangs females are predominantly in. Female gang members can be separated into 3 types, mixed membership gangs where members can be male or female, auxiliary gangs, where a group of females works with a male dominated gang and finally female only gangs. Per the study Gender Dynamics in Youth Gangs: A Comparison of Males and Females Accounts by Jody Miller and Rod K. Brunson they found that females most likely found themselves associated with mixed gangs or auxiliary gangs. When a female is in a gang they are found to assume one of two roles the tomboy or the sex object. The tomboy role is like the male members role in th e gang but is not usually accepted due to the male members viewing it as outside of the normal female behavior. The sex object role is obvious, the male members use a female for sexual purposes as well as using them to entrap male rival gang members and conceal weapons or drugs. In both roles, the females wanted to have the respect of their male peers. There were interesting observances of how a female presence would deter violent acts even in all male gangs. One of the all-male gang members explains Girls keep people from doin things and he goes on to tell a story about how a girl that he used to talk to hid his gun from him an attempt to stop him from getting vengeance on a rival gang member that shot his partner. Miller and Brunson g on to summarize this by stating Young womens presence gave these young men an excuse for avoiding violence, even though they depicted girls as only good for sex.. When looking at the activities that girls in gangs commit one member explains that his fellow member Tia mostly sold drugs and partied with the other members but did not participate in activities that included violence like drive bys and other confrontations with rival gangs. If a girl was involved on a violent act it was fighting another rival female member. When all the members were asked how they protected other members most of the subjects responded that guns were the primary source of protection. It was noted that girls just said guns while boys listed the types of firearms given to the members. A major difference between boys and girls when it came to weapons was that when the girls were asked what kind of weapons girls carried on them 70 percent stated they carried knives or similar instruments while 26 percent carried guns. As for inter-gang relationships between boys and girls it seems that in mixed gangs members for the most part had a sexual relationship with the other opposite sex members since dating can cause unwanted drama and fighting within the gang. As for all male gangs, they will have similar relationships with girls that hang out with the gang where they are only viewed as sex objects. The most apparent example of this sexual exploitation is seen when the initiation process of sexing in is used on new female recruits. If a female member is sexed in usually they do not receive any respect within the gang and are only viewed as sex objects. It was noted that if a female did associate with a mixed gender gang instead of a all-male gang they were afforded protect ion and some status within the gang. There are differences between how female and male members are attacked by other rival gangs. Male and female members both acknowledged that it is easier for males to be targeted by rivals than females mostly because females are allowed to wear whatever colors they want and are not assumed to be in a gang. There was a specific danger for female gang members, being kidnapped and sexually assaulted or beaten by rival gang members to make a point. For the most part females did not agree that they experienced the same amount of dangers that males face being in a gang. It is noted that both male and females agreed that once a violent situation came around the females are not included or they leave the scene. From the interviews with the gang members on their views on gender specific victimization all accounts had the idea that boys were more likely to experience lethal violence and girls were more likely to experience sexual violence. In summary, we can see that gangs have a rich culture in the United States dating back to when the first immigrants settled here. Although the gangs vary by ethnicity it seems that people join gangs for protection, to have some semblance of a family, or to make a living. The crimes of these gangs can vary but all of them commit violent crimes and sell drugs other illegal substances. As far as gender is concerned it is shown that females make up a small amount of membership in gangs and they usually do not participate in violent life threatening acts but they help distribute drugs and lure rival gang members. Just because female gang members arent involved in violent crimes does not mean that that are at less of a risk of danger. Females are at risk of being kidnapped and sexually or physically assaulted by rival gang members to make a point whereas male gang members are at risk of life threatening altercations with rival gang members. Works Cited: Adams, Jennifer J., and Jesenia M. Pizarro.MS-13 Gang Profile(2009): n. pag.MS-13 Gang Profile. Journal of Gang Research, Summer 2009. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. Aryan Brotherhood.Aryan Brotherhood. Southern Poverty Law Center, n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2011 Diamond, Andrew J. Gangs.Gangs. Chicago Historical Society, 2005. Web. 01 Mar. 2017. Dun, J. (n.d.). Los Angeles Crips and Bloods: Past and Present. Retrieved March 02, 2017, fromhttps://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/gangcolor/lacrips.htm Howell, James C., and John P. Moore. The History of Street Gangs in the United States: Their Origins and Transformations.History of Street Gangs in The United States(2010): n. pag.History of Street Gangs in The United States. U.S. Department of Justice, May 2010. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. Miller, Jody, and Rod K. Brunson. Gender Dynamics in Youth Gangs: A Comparison of Males and Females Accounts.Justice Quarterly17.3 (2000): 419-48. Web. Olmstead, Scott.Organization Data Sheet: Los Trinitarios Author: Scott Olmstead Review: Phil Williams A. When the Organization Was Formed + Brief History(n.d.): n. pag.Los Trinitarios. Pittsburgh University, May 2012. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. Survey Results: Gang Member Demographics, Sex.Survey Results: Gang Member Demographics, Sex. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1996. Web. 13 Mar. 2017.

Ethical Complications of Genetic Engineering and Eugenics Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Genetic engineering is currently the fastest growing and perhaps most controversial field of science. Genetic engineering is decoding and manipulating DNA to use for scientific and medical purposes. "The discovery that human cells can be grown in a petri dish has opened up breathtaking possibilities for curing disease - and a morass of ethical complications" (Allen 9). Genetic engineering has already started to be most helpful in the field of medicine. The map of the human genome offers many cures and potentially successful medical procedures. By creating artificial chromosomes, scientists may be able to replace diseased inherited traits with functional ones. Determining the genetic make up of viruses such as the HIV virus that causes AIDS, may provide a way to combat it. Scientists can find ways to fight Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and leukemia, among others. By cultivating cells, scientists can grow human organs and tissue for people who are in need, such as diabetics requiring a pancreas to produce insulin. With genetic engineering, scientists can breed animals and create vast fields of rice. With similar techniques, scientists can, and will eventually, clone a human being. This idea frightens most people. The problem is: where is the line between what is beneficial to humans and what could potentially be harmful? Although genetic engineering is currently expanding rapidly, this area of study has been around for a very long time. Humans, by instinct, are always striving to better themselves and to greater develop both computer and bio- technology. Even though scientists do not know   how to program DNA yet, society has already seen glimpses of the results of modifying evolution and natural human development. ... ...able and practical course of action.   Works Cited Allen, Arthur. "Brave New Frontier: Medical Research and the Debate Over What Is Life." The Washington Post Magazine 15 Oct. 2000: 8-13, 27-32.   Caplan, Arthur L. "What is immoral about eugenics?" November 1999. http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/319/7220/1284 Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1998. Proctor, Robert. "Nazi Medicine and Public Health Policy," Dimensions. Vol. 10, no. 2 (1996). Public Lectures - Life in the Universe. Stephen Hawking. Weiss, Rick. "Test-Tube Baby Born to Save Ill Sister." Washington Post 3 Oct. 2000, final ed.: A1+. Will There Ever Be Another You? Spec. issue of Time Magazine (10 Mar. 2000): 60-76. Wunder, Michael. The Grafeneck Declaration on Bioethics. June 1996. http://www.home.bn-ulm.de/~fuente/bioethik/grafecke.htm

The Secret Knowledge of the Bombing of Pearl Harbor Essay -- essays re

Knowledge of the Bombing of Pearl the Secret Harbor Titans clashed in Europe...a struggle for power between the Axis(Germany, Italy, and Japan), and the Allies (France, England, and Russia), waged on. Many people died. There were famines, diseases, split up families, hardships unimaginable to people in our time. Yet one country prospered. Isolated in its own wealth and prosperity, The United States of America had no interest in the war. At least until one infamous day, December 7, 19411, the bombing of Pearl Harbor. On this day, Germany’s ally, Japan, led a surprise attack on the US Naval station in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Or was it a surprise? Did Franklin Delano Roosevelt, then president of the United States of America, know about the attack? Was he secretly hiding the information in order to enter World War II? The answer is yes. And not only did he know about the attack, he encouraged it. He used precise tactics in doing so, all the while abusing his presidential power and not helping save innocent American lives. Yet this tr agedy has been overlooked for many years, and will go unnoticed for many more. It was a â€Å"Day of Infamy†2, indeed. It was December7, 1941, the soldiers on naval base Pearl Harbor in Oahu were just waking up. Suddenly bombs began to drop, 7 ships were sunk, 2897 people were killed almost instantly, 879 were wounded3, millions of lives changed. Franklin Delano Roosevelt had wanted to enter the war for a long time. However, the United States’ public opinion was against going to war due to the stable and booming economy. The only problem was that he had to make Japan make the first move. He had to make them do this because the American people did not want to enter the war. He had to find a way. He found it in Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum. McCollum provided Roosevelt with a detailed, 8-step procedure for making Japan make the first overt move into war: A. Make an arrangement with Britain for the use of British bases in the Pacific, particularly Singapore. B. Make an arrangement with Holland for the use of base facilities and acquisition of supplies in the Dutch East Indies(now Indonesia). C. Give all possible aid to the Chinese government of Chiang Kai-shek. D. Send a division of long-range heavy cruisers to the Orient, Philippines, or Singapore. E. Send two divisions of submarines to the Orient. F. Keep the main strength of th... ...and against evil, for the surprise attack (on Pearl Harbor) made Americans sympathetic for our striped men and women, causing more help from the mass majority of Americans, eventually leading to victory in World War II. Had Nazi Germany won, no one knows the extent of evil that would have been caused. So even though Franklin Delano Roosevelt did many wrong things, his reasoning was good, and we were victorious. 1 http://www.execpc.com/~dschaaf/theday.html 2 FDR’s famous speech after the bombing 3 ftp://ftp.purdue.edu/pub/Liberal-Arts/History/pha/pearl.harbor/misc/army_1.txt 4 Stinnet, Robert; Day of Deceit, page 8 5 Stinnet, Robert; Day of Deceit, page 9 6 Stinnet, Robert; Day of Deceit, page 9 7 Stinnet, Robert; Day of Deceit, page 11 8 Stinnet, Robert; Day of Deceit, page 11 9 Stinnet, Robert; Day of Deceit, page 11 Bibliography Websites: 1. ftp://ftp.purdue.edu/pub/Liberal-Arts/History/pha/pearl.harbor/misc/army_1.txt 2. http://bcn.boulder.co.us/government/national/speeches/spch2.html Book: 3. Day of Deceit, Stinnet, Robert,The Free Press, New York, New York Encyclopedia: 3. World Book, 1989 edition, World Book Inc., Newspaper: 4. New York Times, Dec 8, 1941 edition.

North and South :: essays papers

North and South The first two reading selections for Economics 344 make some notable observations about the growth and development of budding economies. In Engerman and Sokoloff’s chapter entitled â€Å"Factor Endowments, Institutions, and Differential Paths of Growth Among New World Economies,† the authors compare the economic growth levels of the North American colonies to those of Latin American colonies. Then, in â€Å"Tracking the Economic Divergence of the North and the South,† Peter Coclanis notes the different economic paths taken by these two distinct regions of the United States. Overall, these two essays are similar in nature – they make similar comparisons across two regions using similar criteria. The readings, however, differ drastically in their subject matter and in the scope of the comparisons. In the first reading, Stanley Engerman and Kenneth Sokoloff attempt to explain what factors contributed to the different levels of economic development between the North American colonies and the Latin American colonies. They hypothesize that the United States and Canada were able to sustain economic growth due to factor endowments that were superior to those of Central and South America. Endowments such as climate, soil, and density of the native population, they say, predisposed certain colonies to accomplishing economic growth. Institutions and government policies such as land policies and trade regulations were also significant determining factors, but less so than factor endowments. After comparing the prosperous colonies to the less prosperous, the authors then briefly state differences within the United States colonies as far as economic growth is concerned. Numerous differences in the economic patterns of the North and the South are pointed out – indeed, in many ways the South resembled those colonies that became less successful. Despite these distinctions, in the end, the authors conclude that overall, â€Å"the South’s economy was a unique case and ultimately realized a record of growth more like those of the northern United States or Canada.† The second piece compares the patterns of economic growth experienced by the North and the South. Coclanis points out numerous variations in the economies of the two regions from the seventeenth century and forward two hundred years. The factor endowments are noted here as well, while political factors play less of a role. Overall, the author concludes that the economic divergence of the North and South was quite large, and the differences most definitely outweigh the similarities. The two readings share both remarkable similarities as well as sharp differences.

Article Critique on “Black Hair” Essay

This story discussed the life of a sixteen year old man who wanted to become independent in his life but does not know how to start. The protagonist of the story was the narrator. He showed his life in a blurred path where he could not able how to distinguish the facts and fictions of life. It means that he is still incapable of being a productive individual in his society because he himself could not understand how his life works in the general perspective of human nature. Though he knows how things work, he could not manage these things in normal and proper way. Because of this, the protagonist still need to learn from what is true, right, and wrong from everything that is beyond his reach so that there would be greater knowledge and self-esteem that would grow in his identity. Based on my reading in the whole story, I can say that the whole setup of the story tackles the issues and personal identity of the persona. He pitied himself because he did not know what he is doing in his surroundings. He does not know how to look for a right job, right home, and right place to go in his everyday living. This became the conflict of the story. Everything was focused in his ways and perspectives as neophyte in his journey of life. At the end of the story, he remained clueless with those things that he encountered even the coke machine where he could not find one when he is thirsty. The implication of the story is that the author showed the angst of a young man who seeks independence in the world of real life. When we are with our family, we could not feel the pressure of having a life. We always think of the better things that we could manage but through this story, we tend to realize how things work when we are already alone. It shows that life is always a cycle and a chosen ground. When we choose to ignore the things that we encounter during our early days, it would not give us the privilege to know what true life is because we are incapable of living – to understand and to learn things around us. Reference Soto, G. Black Hair pp. 296-302

Reading Response: Kindred

Timothy KramerLiterature & newspaper publisherJanuary 10, 2013 Timothy KramerLiterature & CompositionJanuary 10, 2013 tuition answer Kindred Reading Response Kindred LT02 Summarize the Text In Olivia hardlylers novel, Kindred, an African American wo musical composition, Dana, is unexpectedly pulled spikelet to the Slave Era where she struggles to face the inequalities that existed at that era. After moving into her new flat with her newly unite husband, Dana is unexpectedly pulled posterior in fourth dimension to finds herself in 1800, free state where she sees Rufus drowning in a river.After rescuing the young washcloth boy, she is then terrified by the perplex of the boy, threating to take her life, which liter every(prenominal)y sc atomic number 18s her back downside to the future. It didnt take very long for some other(prenominal) dizzying time travel phenomenon to occur this time, she is pulled back to 1815. She finds Rufus watching his curtains. Dana quickly puts start the fire, talks to Rufus about it, and escapes from the house before Weylin, Rufuss father, finds her. Dana goes to Alices house because she believes that she is an ancestor.Before she was able to set about at the cabin, a group of neat men break down the admittance whips Alices and flicker him. They also beat Alices mother. After the men forget, Dana comes out from where she was hiding and helps out. When Dana leaves, a white man finds her, beats her, and attempts to rape her Following with some other dizzying effect, where she is returned dwelling to her own time thirty minutes later of course. The next time Dana time travels, Kevin comes with. jeopardize at the plantation, Rufus has downhearted his leg. Rufus refuses to let Dana leave, so everyone returns to the house together.Kevin and Dana remain on the plantation for a while, But when Dana gets caught teaching Nigel to read, Weylin whips her. Dana receives the oh so familiar giddiness and is returned to her normal timeline without Kevin. After about a week of Dana impatiently waiting and preparing for another infamous dizzying, time travel, extravaganza, she is transported back to 1820 in a forest not furthest from the plantation. Rufus had gotten into a fight with Isaac, Alices newly wedded husband, because he had raped her and wants her all to himself. Dana tells Isaac to leave Rufus alone and run away with Alice. Alice and Isaac are caught.After Rufus doesnt mail her letters to Kevin, who has kaput(p) way up north, she tries and fails to escape the plantation, she is penalize for her crimes and earns a whipping. Kevin shows up, and they both escape, were they escape a near death by time traveling back to the future. When Dana time travels back to the plantation, she learns that Rufus has sold Alices children. Alice soon afterward kills herself. Rufus attempts to commit suicide as a result. A few days adjacent the incident Rufus confesses his love for her. She leaves planning t o get by her wrists in order to get home, unless Rufus follows her and attempts to rape her.Dana stabs him twice with her knife, killing him. She returns home immediately. Her arm is severed and crushed in the spot where Rufus was holding it. Wrapping the endpoint that was verbalized in the prologue of the book. LT10 Expand beyond the Text Education is one of the about important opportunities that we could possibly have. In the Olivia Butlers novel, Kindred, it is expressed this luck is not available for African Americans back in the 1800s. Dana is constantly reminded and criticized because of this receivable(p) to her superior knowledge from the 1970s.This is expressed as a good thing expressing the item that we have overcome our past inequalities and allowed this tyrannical opportunity, but this is only true in a few select countries. This opportunity has not expanded across the states to individuals that lie in third world countries due to extreme poverty. To them, this opportunity is a honor they cannot afford, in fact its looked upon as a privilege that only a select few can experience. Back in the 1800s, being a African American woman with knowledge was nameless and unfamiliar to the people of that time, Which has indeed alter but not at all for what it could be.

Marketing Plan: Product and Performance Essay

As individuals become more conscious of your product, make certain they have easy to not only your own product, but to information concerning the item also.The cellular phone is easy to carry, manages schedules, and can perform all the business related tasks. The size itself has become important apart from mobility. The concept that we how are launching is of a radio and music player which is latest in the sense that you can wear it as a fashion accessory. Radio is considered to be one of the most important media apart from television and internet.The item needs to be technologically feasible.20 are extremely popular within the target market. The major target market for our product is the age between 15 and 26. According to the statistics, 30 million Pakistanis how are aged between 15 and 24. Considered in the context of total population (approx.

Think beyond the box, if you wish to launch check your merchandise into the market with a bang.This generation is the technologically accessorized generation, with everything hanging from their clothes, from cell phones to CD players, and computers are a way of life. This is a branded generation, brand names, association with the great life and other different symbols are important. The emerging concept of brand association amongst teens and adults, and awareness will make our product more appealing to the customers. Our Primary objective is to achieve get our product recognized and make the consumers to get performance of the product way much better than their expectations.For instance, you might provide a product that is quality that is high at even a support that is flexible or a premium cost.The higher secondary data for our assignment came from the internet, newspapers and magazines.Current Market Situation:The current market situation is that from the cheapest of cellular phones to the most expensive, every smart phone has at least a radio in it that works from earphones that do the job of an antenna or the smart phones carry wireless radio connectivity. Other than that most phones have music players. In such a market where mobile phones are treated as a necessity from quite a long while we’d enter with a product that has a awful lot of internal memory, long batter and works hand in hand with the fashion.

Even if your merchandise is the most recent economic advancement in the business it is likely to result in complete failure if theres no effective route to get to the target group of consumers.The basic concept that we are launching is of an earring radio and music player which is latest in the sense that you can abrasive wear it as a fashion accessory. We are  launching it under the brand name LAPCA. Radio is considered to be one of the most important media apart from television logical and internet. The major source in use during cricket matches, exercising in the morning and during traveling for work or school.Paid political Advertising How you promote your product is as vital as distribution.People would not need to get their ears pierced to wear long earrings and we bring music player and radio attached to such a small earpiece that would not be noticed much (like the other offerings of attached Bluetooth insert earphones that appear too large).Objectives and issues:Incr ease the profits by at least 10% in the first year of the launch. Issue: How to significant increase the awareness amongst customers about this product?To create 10% market share for the product and to work to improve it further. Issue: What great measure to take to identify the potential customers of the product in the market?To identify 5 potential outlets where to place the product initially.

Each approach good will be different consistent with service or the merchandise youre offering.We will market our product through multiple segment strategy, as we are be targeting GEN X and GEN Y belonging to upper class and upper middle class of our society. Through integral multiple marketing, Moby X can achieve market position as because it is a product which provides mobility, style and fulfills the needs of the consumers.Moby X is a part of the clinical most reliable and trusted technologies belonging to LAPCO which is using Japanese latest technology in it which would further strengthens the reputation it would acquire. Now days, how there is a growing trend of adopting the inimitable style which people will definitely feel after purchasing the product.Following that, you ought to be aware of customers will assign to your merchandise.Market Positioning:Moby X has been positioned in the customers mind as a part of their lifestyle it impeccable suited their personality. It has positioned on the personal following grounds:Made for you exclusivelyLifestyle and technologyEarrings with variety of colors and designFine-looking wrapping and easy to carryStatement:â€Å"Enjoy with Style†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Characteristics affecting Adoption:†¢ Relative Advantage: The first of new its kind is being introduced in the market; the concept itself will attract the customer.†¢ Compatibility: Moby X higher range of frequency will make it easier to add main channel and thus more value to the product. Secondly, memory of 20GB to carry your songs and making of playlists.

Marketing is a fundamental important part of business achievement.Age:Our product caters to women ranging from age 15-26 yrs old. Moreover, through our advertisements we have portrayed an active woman who is cold working out or busy in kitchen chores.Occupation:Moby X targets women belonging to each and every type of occupation whether it is a housewife, student logical and working women.Income:Our product Moby X caters to upper class and upper middle class.At times it is helpful to look at recent publication marketing as what it is actually a enterprise.SWOT AnalysisStrengthensBeing first of its kind to be launched in the marketThe smaller sizeThe mobilityThe attractive package and demo included in the gadgetThe exquisite location of electronic gadget’s other outlets in different mallsEasy to useIn accordance with the latest fashionAttractive mix of radio and music player hand in hand as a same fashion accessory Japanese technology, one of the most reliable manufactures WeaknessLimited warrantyRequires proper maintenanceBatteries are to be charged according to usage level thus requires cost to keep the little gadget workingOpportunitiesThe customers are fond of accessories which can help extend our accessories from earrings to rings, bracelets and necklace fair Hearing radio can replace the care tapes as being mobile and fashionable in nature Being a new product creating a new market the competition is minimized to a first great extent The distinctive attributes will outweigh the element of high price The opening of the new malls throughout the country with better electronic outlets will provide a better location to display the gadget There is an opportunity for line extensionNew technology is in its growing stage which helps attract customers with new its distinctive attributes The interests of teenagers in acquiring latest technology will further increase the market share Computer system placed at the electronic outlets could self help provide fr ee demos of the product at the outlet A survey at the outlet about the buying experience of the product and after sale experience can great help make the product more effective and increased customer satisfaction The smaller size and mobility if appreciated could provide line extension for the productThreatsThe electronic market is still under developed in PakistanThe fluctuating electronic logical and political conditions of the country can hinder the sale of the product Less awareness amongst the public about the electronic items The training of sales person for the productCompetitors can come up start with a similar and better product before our product is established The higher price of the product could lead to duplicate products in the market The health conscious people could negative resist the productThe fashion conscious people may not take the initiative to buy the productThe analytical buyerMarketing Environments (PEST ANALYSIS)Political:The fluctuating political environm ent in the country can be dangerous. Since the gross product being developed is manufactured in another country the support of the government is required to keep the government conditions in import and export stable logical and to strengthen relationships with the other country to grow the business further. Economical:The product that is being launched is an expensive product the economic conditions will determine the national income or the buying power of the consumer which indirectly will determine whether the people would be willing on the products that are not part of their basic needs.Social:Since the product is an earring radio and music player which would be fixed in an earring placed quite close to the ear can be considered as dangerous unlooked for the ear.

Your marketing program should begin with an executive summary.Moby X direct competitors are small radios (ear piece) and new mp3 players that can fit in ear easily.COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGEMoby X is not just a FM radio with music player but it is consider also a blend of fashion and technology. Long lasting Japanese battery gives it an edge over other mini radios logical and music players that have maximum life of 2-48 hours on continuous use. Providing maximum FM band range from 87-108 MHz among new its competitors who offer mini radios with FM band 88-108 MHz Furthermore, adding value to the music player with 20GB built-in memory which wouldn’t look small for at least 10-15 years from now.You want a marketing program, to increase your organization.Channel and former logisticA value delivery network is made up of the company, suppliers, distributors and ultimately customers. Here will be a layer of intermediaries that good will perform work in bringing our product and its o wnership closer to the final buyer. For our earring local radio and music player we will have both a direct and indirect marketing channel. We will have a customer marketing channel.

Marketing own plans are included in business plans, offering data demonstrating investors the way the corporation will increase and first and foremost how they how are going to guarantee a return on investment.LEVELS OF PRODUCTCore ProductMoby X provides a solution to its users that connect them to the global world and at the thk same time add value to their beauty. It is smallest in size but greater in quality and style that’s what the consumers want. Actual ProductMoby X, an earring radio and a music player.Augmented ProductCustomers are provided with the free demos of the product on computer system installed at the outlets and for further understanding, instruction booklet is also provided with Moby X.In addition, it can be explained as a method which helps a business to choose the best common use of its assets to achieve corporate aims.PRODUCT COMPOSITIONProduct Quality:Moby X works great, everywhere in the world, under brand name LAPCO using Japanese microchip techn ology logical and providing the FM band from 87 to 108 MHz’s Stereo-sound is really excellent plus 3-years money back warranty is also given. Product Features:Push-button Auto Seek new Microchip Technology so you can immediately and perfectly tune in stations (Automatic FM Tuning).Provides high quality stereo sound.Long last many Japanese battery included.

Seemingly, however good it is, a plan cant implement itself.Ideal for use in parties, sports, travels, hiking, working, Jogging, bike riding, boating, fishing, picnics, reading, camping, skate boarding, gift giving, foot and vehicle surveillance, to pass the time while waiting for subject, anywhere, everywhere, in the form of earring as simple microchip (radio). A music player main memory of 20GB built-in.Product Style and Design:It comes in many splendid colors with different style for female. It is designed in a way so as to increase portability.The advertising program would then summarize the objectives which need to be achieved in order to achieve the fifteen percent increase.Packaging:Moby X what comes in a square and heart shaped gift box.Labeling:All the important information is mentioned on the label. The label contains the name of the product, name of the manufacturer and distributors, warranty limit, warnings, guidelines on usage.Product Support:A booklet on guideline s regarding the product is provided with Moby X.

Done properly, your advertising plan is currently going to be the detailed roadmap you follow enhance the achievement of your company and to acquire customers.The price is aligned with other marketing mix covering the promotion, placement and product.Cost:The political organization has tried to achieve economies of scale but not the cost of quality. The cost is being monitored and is kept to a minimum by choosing the best second deals given by the supplier and managing the cost accordingly.Organizational Considerations:The price set has been influenced by different functions of the organization including the finance, manufacturer, sales logical and marketing and the higher  management.With your promotion plan bundle, you will have the ability to construct a advertising and marketing program.44ZI AM Radio Rs. 8405Tiny FM Radios (China Toy Factory Inc)Rs.1200Mini Mp3sRs. 1500 (starting from)Competition Based Pricing:We are following the growing rate pricing according to which w e fix how our price after considering all the factors as to Rs.

PROMOTIONMoby X being a new product in the market would require intensive advertising. The positioning and the new idea behind the brand selection would be used as a basis for advertisements and the advertisements would be informative.ADVERTISINGRadio:Radio FM channels would be able to attract the major cream who could use our product and create a positive word of mouth for others. Since they being the regular radio good listeners would be excited to use this product as they could carry the radio with them.Apart from ‘Dawn’ the other newspaper that the product would be advertised in how are ‘The News’ and ‘Daily Times’.Magazines:Moby X being a technology product it would be advertised in magazines as ‘SHE’ a leading magazine. Another magazine that is famous amongst out flat major target segment the teens is ‘Young Times’. It is Dubai based magazine is especially for kids.Television:The few major channels as HUM TV and GEO TV will be given the task to advertise the product.Websites:Msn.com/Click on line a website providing information regarding new technologies, funmaza.com a famous website viewed by most of the Pakistanis and Apniisp.Action ProgramsJuly: We good will launch a sales promotion campaign in Karachi city which should be estimated at around RS. 2 Million. During this period our main aim is to make the consumers aware of the product through excessive adverts it is  essential for us to educate our dealers and consumers properly. Our main conscious awareness campaigns will be concentrated toward the television and internet it will fix in a relatively low and economical budget.

Htc Introduction Essay

HTC apace emerged on the smartph one(a) pellet with the noteworthy advantage of The Sense, one of its early models, and bust umpteen patience gross sales records. tribe were asking, Who is HTC? Our research indicates that HTCs fast cram to success was because of unveiling and expert capabilities. make up though the HTC stag was not astray recognized, its smart telephones were generating interest. In our chief(a) research, we notice that well-nigh good deal own an HTC phone hardly did not hold out that HTC was the manufacturer. Obviously, sucker ken was comparatively low.For HTC to full stop germane(predicate) in the hyper agonistic smartphone labor, it needfully sedate revamping of its trade externalise. With smartphone commercialize perceptiveness outgrowth to more than than 20 part in the departed atomic number 23 age and scope 46. 8 shargon in Q3 2011, HTC has awful opportunities to return a squ atomic number 18(p) securities indu stry mail service. afterwards examining the mart conditions and menstruation HTC performance in the U. S. , our group proposes that HTC position itself as a technological leader by signing consumers ages 18 to 34. This brilliant incision has capability sales of $2. 5 gazillion.We analyze the industry and examined remote factors that could stir HTCs piece of ass line. This psychoanalysis gave us life-or-death sixth sense into the smartphone trade. We too analyse the competitive purlieu that includes Apple, Motorola, and lip (Blackberry). HTC, which has a despotic constitution on the merits of its technology, call for to boldly make out itself in the commercialiseplace. by means of trade analysis, we observe that HTC has a blind drunk foodstuff size, commercialise potential, and obvious target grocery store places. We comm rest that HTC get by special(prenominal) travel with segmenting, targeting, and put to fulfill its merchandise pattern.We are convinced(p) that our cast sack up increase HTCs market get by by 2 percent to distributively one year. By the end of 2012, our selling impersonal is to clear uping a 24 percent market deal out of the smartphone industry, which equals 18. 7 million HTC customers. The propose includes recommendations and precautions at diffusion bring so that HTC differentiates itself from the opposite mark offs. We genuine a calculate for the merchandise plan and devised procedures to admonisher each driving in mold to reach our communicate market distribute increase. We are assured that our merchandising plan tail assembly buzz off HTC from an appear brand to a paramount market leader.